0 18 Lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharide NNP 19 21 is be VBZ 22 23 a a DT 24 30 potent potent JJ 31 59 monocyte/macrophage-specific monocyte/macrophage-specific JJ 60 70 stimulator stimulator NN 71 73 of of IN 74 79 human human JJ 80 96 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 97 102 virus virus NN 103 107 type type NN 108 109 1 1 CD 110 120 expression expression NN 120 121 . . . 123 141 Lipopolysaccharide Lipopolysaccharide NNP 142 143 ( ( ( 143 146 LPS LPS NNP 146 147 ) ) ) 148 156 potently potently RB 157 167 stimulates stimulate VBZ 168 173 human human JJ 174 190 immunodeficiency immunodeficiency NN 191 196 virus virus NN 197 201 type type NN 202 208 1-long 1-long JJ 209 217 terminal terminal JJ 218 224 repeat repeat NN 225 226 ( ( ( 226 235 HIV-1-LTR HIV-1-LTR NNP 235 236 ) ) ) 237 240 CAT CAT NNP 241 251 constructs construct NNS 252 263 transfected transfecte VBN 264 268 into into IN 269 293 monocyte/macrophage-like monocyte/macrophage-like JJ 294 298 cell cell NN 299 304 lines line NNS 305 308 but but CC 309 312 not not RB 313 314 a a DT 315 316 T t NN 317 321 cell cell NN 322 326 line line NN 326 327 . . . 328 332 This this DT 333 339 effect effect NN 340 347 appears appear VBZ 348 350 to to TO 351 353 be be VB 354 362 mediated mediate VBN 363 370 through through IN 371 374 the the DT 375 384 induction induction NN 385 387 of of IN 388 395 nuclear nuclear JJ 396 402 factor factor NN 403 408 kappa kappa NN 409 410 B B NNP 411 412 ( ( ( 412 420 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 421 422 B B NNP 422 423 ) ) ) 423 424 . . . 425 440 Electrophoretic electrophoretic JJ 441 449 mobility mobility NN 450 455 shift shift NN 456 462 assays assay NNS 463 474 demonstrate demonstrate VBP 475 479 that that IN 480 483 LPS LPS NNP 484 491 induces induce VBZ 492 493 a a DT 494 497 DNA dna NN 498 505 binding binding NN 506 514 activity activity NN 515 532 indistinguishable indistinguishable JJ 533 537 from from IN 538 546 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 547 548 B B NNP 549 551 in in IN 552 556 U937 u937 NN 557 560 and and CC 561 566 THP-1 thp-1 NN 567 572 cells cell NNS 572 573 . . . 574 577 LPS LPS NNP 578 580 is be VBZ 581 585 also also RB 586 591 shown show VBN 592 594 to to TO 595 607 dramatically dramatically RB 608 616 increase increase VB 617 622 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 623 633 production production NN 634 638 from from IN 639 640 a a DT 641 652 chronically chronically RB 653 661 infected infected JJ 662 686 monocyte/macrophage-like monocyte/macrophage-like JJ 687 693 cloned clone VBN 694 698 cell cell NN 699 703 line line NN 703 704 , , , 705 707 U1 U1 NNP 707 708 , , , 709 714 which which WDT 715 723 produces produce VBZ 724 728 very very RB 729 732 low low JJ 733 739 levels level NNS 740 742 of of IN 743 748 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 749 751 at at IN 752 760 baseline baseline NN 760 761 . . . 762 765 The the DT 766 777 stimulation stimulation NN 778 780 of of IN 781 786 viral viral JJ 787 797 production production NN 798 802 from from IN 803 807 this this DT 808 812 cell cell NN 813 817 line line NN 818 824 occurs occur VBZ 825 829 only only RB 830 832 if if IN 833 838 these these DT 839 844 cells cell NNS 845 848 are be VBP 849 856 treated treat VBN 857 861 with with IN 862 884 granulocyte/macrophage granulocyte/macrophage JJ 885 903 colony-stimulating colony-stimulating JJ 904 910 factor factor NN 911 912 ( ( ( 912 918 GM-CSF GM-CSF NNP 918 919 ) ) ) 920 926 before before IN 927 936 treatment treatment NN 937 941 with with IN 942 945 LPS LPS NNP 945 946 . . . 947 951 This this DT 952 963 stimulation stimulation NN 964 966 of of IN 967 972 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 973 983 production production NN 984 986 is be VBZ 987 997 correlated correlate VBN 998 1002 with with IN 1003 1005 an an DT 1006 1014 increase increase NN 1015 1017 in in IN 1018 1021 the the DT 1022 1027 level level NN 1028 1030 of of IN 1031 1036 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1037 1040 RNA RNA NNP 1041 1044 and and CC 1045 1048 and and CC 1049 1059 activation activation NN 1060 1062 of of IN 1063 1071 NF-kappa NF-kappa NNP 1072 1074 B. B. NNP 1075 1078 LPS LPS NNP 1079 1081 is be VBZ 1082 1085 not not RB 1086 1090 able able JJ 1091 1093 to to TO 1094 1100 induce induce VB 1101 1106 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1107 1117 production production NN 1118 1120 in in IN 1121 1122 a a DT 1123 1129 cloned clone VBN 1130 1131 T t NN 1132 1136 cell cell NN 1137 1141 line line NN 1141 1142 . . . 1143 1146 The the DT 1147 1153 effect effect NN 1154 1156 of of IN 1157 1160 LPS LPS NNP 1161 1163 on on IN 1164 1169 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1170 1181 replication replication NN 1182 1188 occurs occur VBZ 1189 1191 at at IN 1192 1200 picogram picogram NN 1201 1204 per per IN 1205 1215 milliliter milliliter NN 1216 1230 concentrations concentration NNS 1231 1234 and and CC 1235 1238 may may MD 1239 1241 be be VB 1242 1252 clinically clinically RB 1253 1264 significant significant JJ 1265 1267 in in IN 1268 1281 understanding understand VBG 1282 1285 the the DT 1286 1297 variability variability NN 1298 1300 of of IN 1301 1304 the the DT 1305 1312 natural natural JJ 1313 1320 history history NN 1321 1323 of of IN 1324 1329 HIV-1 HIV-1 NNP 1330 1339 infection infection NN 1339 1340 . . .